Counseling Class Final Exam Paper Essay Example for Free

Counseling Class Final Exam Paper Essay After this class and taking all the different assessments and inventories, my number one career choice as of right now is an Elementary School Teacher. The tests have actually helped me learn a lot about myself and helped me determine what certain fields of work I would succeed in. Being an Elementary School Teacher would be a fulfilling career, and would allow me to be creative and interact with children, which are two things that are very important to me. 2. On the Myer-Briggs Type Indicator, my four letter word was INFJ, which stands for introversion, intuition, feeling, and judgement (although my scores between extroversion/introversion and judgement/perception were a point off). According to the Myer-Briggs personality description, INFJs prefer occupations that involve the big picture, involve conceptual awareness, and lead to a better understanding of the spiritual, emotional, of future needs of people. They want their work to have impact or meaning and for it to bring them admiration and respect. Different occupations that seem to be attractive to INFJs include education consultant, English teacher, fine arts teacher, psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker, scientist, and other occupations that allow INFJs an opportunity to make their own creative contribution. The list of occupations INFJs seem to enjoy include a lot of education type career choices, so elementary school education would be right up my alley, according to this assessment. Being an elementary school teacher would allow me to be creative and also allow me to help children learn, not only academically, but socially as well. My Holland Code was ISA which stands for Investigative, Social, and Artistic. Investigative people are known as â€Å"The Thinkers†. These are people who like to observe, learn, investigate, analyze, evaluate or solve problems. Artistic people are known as â€Å"The Creators†, They have artistic innovation or intuition abilities and like to work in unstructured situations using their imagination and creativity. Social people are known as â€Å"The Helpers† and are people who like to work with people to enlighten, inform, or help. Elementary education is a Social college major. According to the occupational scales on the Strong Interest Inventory, I scored a 56 for Elementary School Teacher, which means I share interests with women in that occupation and would probably enjoy the work. Teaching amp; Education was also number two on my tops five interest areas. The personal style scale reveals many different things. As for my work style, I prefer working with people, I enjoy helping others, and I am outgoing. In a learning environment, I prefer academic environments; I learn well through lecture and books, and I seek knowledge for its own sake. As for my leadership style, I am comfortable taking charge of and motivating others, I enjoy initiating action, and I express my opinions easily. I think being an elementary school teacher would be a good match for me, according to the Strong Interest Inventory. It would allow me to observe, investigate, and solve problems, as well as help and inform children, and it would also allow me to be creative; which fulfills all aspects of my Holland Code. My top five values according to the Work Values Inventory are Altruism, Way of Life, Prestige, Economic Returns, and Security. Altruism is present in work which enables one to contribute to the welfare of others. As an Elementary school teacher, I would definitely be contributing to the welfare of my students and helping them to blossom and thrive in academic and social settings. Way of Life is associated with the kind of work that permits one to live the kind of life she chooses and to be the type of person she wished to be. Elementary school teachers normally work nine months out of the year. Those other three months off would allow me to spend time doing other things I love, like vacationing or spending quality time with my family. Also, I plan on being a parent after I get married and find a stable job. My schedule would correlate with the schedule of my future children and allow me to spend more time with them, which is very important to me. Prestige is associated with work which gives one standing in the eyes of others and evokes respect. An elementary school teacher may not be the most prestigious job in the eyes of some, but it definitely is in the eyes of the students. When I was in elementary school, I admired all of my teachers greatly. Educating the next generation and giving them a solid foundation on which to apply further education, I believe, is a very respectable career. Economic returns is associated with work which pays well and enables one to have the things wanted. Elementary school teachers make a decent amount of money, and although it might not be the highest paying job, I’m willing to push this value to the side to fulfill the others and do something I would really truly enjoy. Confucius once said â€Å"Choose a job you love, and you will never have to work a day in your life. † Security is associated with work which provides one with the certainty of having a job even in hard times. According to the Eureka program, there are very many estimated jobs in elementary education within the next 20 years and the estimated growth is above average. My top ten skills based on my skill assessment results were Integrity, Questioning, Synthesizing, Tact, Understanding, Dependability, Tenacity, Advising, Cooperating, and Investigating. As an Elementary School teacher, I think you definitely need integrity. Actually, i listed this skill as a Very Satisfying skill, and is also listed as a Very Satisfying skill for Elementary school teachers. I think as an Elementary School teacher you need to be able to synthesize many different elements into your lesson plans. As for tact (a keen sense of what is appropriate, and what to say or do to avoid giving offense), I think it is an important skill for every career choice. I listed tact as a Very Satisfying skill and many Elementary School Teachers listed tact as a Moderately Satisfying skill. Understanding and dependability are very important skills for any career choice and are especially important when working with younger kids. I listed dependability as a Moderately Important skill and many Elementary School teachers did as well. Advising could be a helpful skill while trying different methods of learning certain subjects. Also important if a student was seeking my help. Cooperating is an important skill, because as an Elementary school teacher, not only will i be working with children, but I will also be interacting with their parents and other teachers. 6. Going forward from this class, I plan on majoring in Liberal arts at either Cal State Fullerton or Cal State Long beach, and from there I plan on getting my teaching credentials and ultimately becoming an Elementary School Teacher!

Turkey Economy :: essays research papers

Turkey’s economy has weathered some spectacular pratfalls in the past, with a major economic crisis in 2001 almost bringing the country to its knees. What’s different in 2004 from the previous "recoveries" is how committed Turkey is to establishing firm economic footing once and for all. The government is swallowing the International Monetary Fund’s painful economic medicine, making tough choices for fiscal discipline. Turkey’s financial wunderkind, the 37-year old Minister of State for Treasury Ali Babacan credits a strong, popular and unified government with having both the clout in Ankara and the backing of the people to administer badly-needed shock therapy. "During the last decade, stability has been a problem," Babacan concedes. "We had coalition governments and [frequent] early elections. "But after the 2002 elections," which ushered his faintly Islamic yet pro-Western Justice and Development Party to power under Prime Minister R. Tayyip Erdogan, "we have a stable government, one the people have confidence in, which provides a much-needed base for economic recovery." Erdogan came to Ankara under heavy suspicion due to his past in radical Islamist politics. But as mayor of ungovernable Istanbul he won grudging praise from political opponents for his hard work on civic issues and muted Islamic rhetoric. As Prime Minister he has focused on bread-and-butter issues, leading with gusto the country’s drive to join the European Union. Indeed, the JDP’s acceptance of fiscal reform and pro-EU stance has rebuilt confidence in Turkey’s ability to manage its finances once the IMF decamps. "Our economic program was declared in detail before the election," Babacan, a graduate of the Kellogg School of Management notes. "We’re doing what we promised." It was only during the 1980s that Turkey ditched its closed command-economy, replete with Soviet-style Five Year Plans and huge state-run monopolies. The result was a roller-coaster of boom and bust, with hyperinflation and a Wholesale Price Index at 160% by the end of 1995 and a Nominal Interest Rate of 320% at one point. Such shenanigans were offset by production in overdrive – growth through the turbulent ‘90s averaged 5% per year. But in the late ‘90s the Asian crises and the collapse of the Russian economy cost Turkey valuable export markets. Foreign exchange sought calmer waters, leaving the government to resort to offering 140% interest on its T-bills to finance its deficit. Annual inflation ran at a Weimaresque 102%. The IMF stepped in with a three-year stabilization program and a $4 billion jump start.

Deadly Beauty Essay

Descriptions of beauty are thrown at us everyday in various and opposing views. While many people stay with the belief that beauty is internal, society’s view of beauty is propelled at us from every angle. Just turn on the television, open a magazine, or surf the web and you will find yourself bombarded by the idea that being sexy and being beautiful are synonyms. Critics argue that this view of beauty is causing our women and even some men to alter their bodies in damaging ways. While I agree that the way today’s society views is damaging and unrealistic, but I also do not believe this is a new occurrence. Throughout history various societies have caused their subjects to do damaging and dangerous things all for the sake of what they called beauty. Beauty has become superficial and a term that is dangerous and used as a weapon to control the mindsets of others. The word beauty is described in the dictionary as â€Å"the quality or aggregate of qualities in a person or thing that gives pleasure to the senses or pleasurably exalts the mind or spirit.† (Merriam-Webster 2012). So why throughout history has the human race associated beauty with physical appearance? The ancient Mayans went to vast lengths to change their physical appearances. Mayan mothers flattened their children’s heads with boards and hung objects in front of their newborn’s eyes to make the baby’s eyes crossed (Frater 2009) Both of these things were highly desirable forms of Mayan beauty but caused serious physical damage to the body. Corsets in the Victorian era were used to mold a women’s body into the curvaceous form they desired. The sacrifice they paid for this look were broken ribs, fainting spells, and in extreme cases, kidney problems from having a corset to tight. Today across the world people still become ensnared in the trap of so cietal beauty. The Padang women in Burma stretch their necks with long brass coils to attain the long necks that their culture desires (Tao, 2012). The spirals are started when a girl is around five or six and by the time they are adults they have around twenty brass rings that adorn their neck. The brass rings cause their collarbone to cave down and crush the vertebrae in their spines and their collarbones but the women refuse to take off the rings because it is what their culture views as beautiful. In American society numerous women and even men go under the knife to achieve the look they want through plastic surgery. For a substantial fee, one can change the shape of their nose, increase or decrease breast size, reshape a jawline, or even remove fat from unwanted areas. Less dramatic alterations are made on a daily bases through applying makeup, waxing away unwanted hair, and straightening or curling hair. It’s easy to fall into the trap of trying to live up to the beauty standards of society. Although I know that all the pictures of beautiful women the media throws at me are highly photo-shopped, it still hasn’t prevented me from trying to achieve the perfect body and stunning looks that I gaze upon. In ninth grade I became anorexic. As a slightly over weight kid I became self-conscious about how skinny all the â€Å"beautiful† girls were. Even though I witnessed the ones who had zero personality and others who were downright evil, I felt that personality was worthless because being beautiful was what really mattered. I read countless articles on how to lose weight and how many calories each item of food contained. The more weight I would lose, the more compliments I would get on how beautiful I had become. Fortunately I was able to get help before it caused too much damage in my life. It still has repercussions on my life though, even now I find myself thinking a bout how I could get my body to look like those that are featured in the magazines and television. Instead of starving myself I have taken to makeup to contour my average face to look more alluring. I don’t necessarily enjoy putting on makeup. It causes me to question if I’m actually beautiful or if I’m just putting on a mask trying to fit in to the masquerade. This doesn’t stop me from applying it to my face in an almost every morning ritual. The false hope that I’ll live up to those photo shopped beauties keeps me adding new products to my collection. I want to be that Cover girl I see on the commercials. If I put on my L’Oreal Paris mascara, maybe more people will notice my eyes and appreciate them. I forget to practice what I preach and forget that my beauty is found within my personality and how I treat others. Instead I let myself worth be defined on how my physical features compare to models I see. There will never be unified description of beauty and the opposing arguments will bicker between each other until the world ends. Media will be blamed for the destructiveness of beauty through their highly edited photos and almost anorexic models. We as people must not forget that it is not just the media to blame for the way beauty is morphed but also ourselves. We have a choice if we are going to follow blindly along or challenge our societies descriptions on beauty. Past societies had to have had brief thoughts about the pain they were putting their bodies through, but still chose to accept it instead of challenging the view. We allow our cultures to use beauty as a weapon against us if we keep following blindly after descriptions our society throws at us we will never be able to find the true beauty that lays just beneath the surface of our skin. Works Cited Merriam-Webster. (2012) Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/beauty?show=0&t=1354774384 J Frater. (2009, September 09). 10 facts about the Mayans. Retrieved from http://listverse.com/top-10-fascinating-facts-about-the-mayans/ Marky, C.N., & Markey, P.M. (2012). Emerging Adults’ responses to a media presentation of idealized female beauty: An examination of cosmetic surgery in reality television. Psychology Of Popular Media Culture,. 209-219 doi:10.1037/a0027869 Tao, Huai Sua. (2012, May 22). Long Neck Villages. Retrieved from http://www.ascensionatsea.net/Thailand/Thai_longnecks.htm

Course Work on Skin Preparation with Alcohol Before Injections

Introduction Injections are among the most common health care procedures throughout the world but there is a general reluctance among some people to accept the injection without cleaning the location with alcohol swab. According to World Health Organization, there is a no need to routinely apply alcohol swab for the skin preparation before subcutaneous, intra-dermal and intramuscular injection. For the purpose of this survey, the term injection refers to intramuscular, intra-dermal and subcutaneous injections: it does not include intravenous or intra-articular injections. In medical health care, an injection is the introduction of a drug, vaccine, contraceptive or other therapeutic agent into the body by using a needle and a syringe. Injections are among the most common health care procedures throughout the world and are regularly used as nursing procedures with an estimated 16 billion administered on an annual basis in the developing and transitional countries (1-3). The skin is the largest organ of the body, covering its entire surface and it serves as a protective shield against heat, light, injury and infection. The other functions of the skin include the regulation of body temperature, and the storage of water and fat. The skin also acts as a sensory organ and prevents water loss and the entrance of any bacteria into the body. A normal human skin is occupied by large numbers of organisms which live harmlessly as commensals on it’s surface (4). Alcohol swab is saturated with 70% isopropyl and is believed to be the oldest topical antiseptic used for preoperative skin preparations and also as a surgical scrub and was in use during the 19th century. However, there is a very little evidence to support the requirement for disinfection of the skin prior to any intra-dermal, subcutaneous and intramuscular injections. Many studies have reported that the routine skin preparation by using the alcohol swab before intra-dermal, intramuscular and subcutaneous injection is quite unnecessary (5-11). Yoshika Kazuaki and his colleagues compared some distillate water cotton with that of the alcohol swab for the skin preparation before a vaccination, and he was surprised when he found no infection in both groups.   But interestingly, there are side effects of using alcohol swab by those who frequently use it (12). But the general practitioners, community practitioners and health visitors associations who assessed the incidence of injection related infections as indicated by the abscess in the injection location concluded that one abscess occurs per 1 2 million injections (13). One particular research shows that among the drug users who use the injections, the skin cleaning before the injection may be associated with a lower risk of bacterial infections (14). But according to the recommendations of World Health Organization (WHO), the swabbing of the clean skin before giving an injection is really unnecessary. WHO also suggests that it is important to wash the skin which is visibly dirty or soiled. But if swabbing with an antiseptic is the preferred mode for use, it is imperative to use a clean, single-use swab and also maintain the product-specific recommended contact time. It is not wise to use cotton balls which are stored as wet in a multi-use container. The recommendations for the alcohol swab however is to wipe the swab for 30 seconds over the location intended for the injection and also to allow the drying for a further 30 seconds so as to ensure that the bacterias are rendered inactive, otherwise there may be some increased pain when the needle is injected into the skin (15-16). Currently, according to the policy guidelines at the King Khalid University Hospital, the use of alcohol swabs for the preparation of skin before injection is very necessary. A survey was conducted to assess the theoretical knowledge and attitude of the heath care providers and the visiting patients towards the use of alcohol swabs and to have some awareness and a step towards WHO guidelines. A cross sectional research was conducted among the highly educated health care workers and their patients at King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia during November 2008 to February 2009.   In this research, a ratified random sampling technique was used to present to both male and female physicians, nurses and patients and a pre-tested, pre-designed well-structured questionnaire, and containing open-ended and close-ended questions written in English with Arabic translation, was given to the participants during the working hours between 8:00 am 4:00 pm. The c overing letter of the questionnaire outlined the title and the reason for the study and the identity of the researcher. The participants were educated about the importance of the study and were also encouraged to participate willingly. The questionnaire was divided into various sections about the current general knowledge, attitude and practices of skin preparation by using 70% isopropyl alcohol swab before the subcutaneous, intra-dermal and the intramuscular injections. Various steps were taken to increase the content validity of the questionnaire and at first, a comprehensive review of the relevant literature was carried out. Secondly, a pilot survey of some 28 participants was conducted and on this basis a few questions were changed, added or deleted. Lastly, but not least, all the participants were informed on the requirement of anonymity and of not identifying the information was included in the questionnaire. Out of two hundred participants, one hundred and sixty three anonymo usly completed the questionnaires which were then returned to the investigator. The statistical analysis data was entered into the spreadsheet and processed on Statistical Package for Social Sciences-16 (SPSS-16). The demographic data and answers of questionnaire were analyzed in a descriptive fashion and the results were expressed as counts and percentages. Results Out of two hundred distributed questionnaires, 163 successfully completed questionnaires were returned, which amounted to 85.5 per cent. Among the one hundred and sixty three participants, thirty nine were physicians, sixty three nurses and sixty one were patients (Figure 1). Fifteen physicians were from the Primary Care Clinics, thirteen from the Medicine and Allied, four from Pediatrics, five from surgery and two from the Obstetric and Gynecology departments. Nineteen nurses participated from primary care clinics, ten from the accident and emergency department, eleven from medicine and allied, nine from paediatrics, two from general surgery and twelve from obstetrics and gynecology departments. 69 per cent of the physicians were board certified and 94 per cent were registered nurse (RN or BSN). Most of the attendants who were surveyed were out patients who had visited to get vaccinated for the vaccination or who had accompanied the patient. The majority of the participating health care providers were Non-Saudis, 94 per cent were expatriates, whereas the majority of patients 92 per cent were Saudis. Out of the 94 per cent or163 respondents were males and 69 or 42.33 per cent were females and the mean age of physicians, the nurses and attendants were 41, 33 and 39, years respectively (Table 1). Variable Physicians (n = 39) Nurses (n = 63) Patients (n = 61) Male, Female 28, 11 11, 52 55, 6 Mean age in years (range) 41 (27 58) 33 (23 59) 39 (18 78) Mean years qualified (range) 15 (2 31) 11 (4 38) Mean years practicing in *KKUH (range) 8 (1 22) 7 (1 19) Saudi Expatriates 6, 33 3, 60 56, 5 *KKUH = King Khalid University Hospital TABLE 1: Basic characteristics of survey participants Respondents current knowledge Most of the participants derived their knowledge from various sources and more than three quarters of the respondents indicated that the mass media and the health care providers had contributed much about their knowledge about cleansing locations of injection before the subcutaneous, the intra-dermal and the intra-muscular injections. The other sources of knowledge were indicated to be magazines, medical books, medical journals and family and friends (Table 2). Source of knowledge Physicians N=39 Nurses N=63 Patients N=61 Total N=163 (%) Mass media 30 55 50 135 (83) Magazines 12 14 33 59 (36) Health personnel 35 58 45 138 (85) Medical books 28 46 0 74 (45) Medical journals 36 15 0 51 (31) Family and friends 11 32 22 65 (40) TABLE 2: Survey participants source of knowledge (multiple sources were allowed) The respondents knowledge about swabbing before injection and any injection related infections was poor and more than three quarters of all three participating groups wrongly answered and said Routine skin preparation with alcohol swab before intra-dermal, subcutaneous and intramuscular injection will prevent infections. Almost all the health care providers and approximately half of the patients knew correctly that the swabbing before subcutaneous, intra-dermal and intramuscular injection will not minimize the pain before or after an injection. 15.38 per cent of the physicians and nurses 15.87 per cent had a wrong belief and mentioned that the , alcohol swab will minimize bleeding after injection, whereas the majority of them correctly replied to this question. Approximately half of the patients replied correctly to this question but unfortunately, only half of the physicians, two thirds of nurses and two thirds of patients answered correctly that, if swabbing is selected for use, wipe the swab for 30 seconds over the location of injection and allow drying for a further 30 seconds before the injecting the needle. But only 22 per cent of the participants answered correctly that the alcohol swab may affect the contents of injected medication and may affect the mode of action. Attitude of respondents Nearly all the participants agreed that the routine use of the alcohol swab is time consuming and increases the cost of health budgets. But despite this view, more than two thirds of the participants will refuse to be injected and will not allow anybody to inject them without the skin preparation by the alcohol swab before an injection. The main reason for refusal was the belief that, alcohol swab will prevent an infection of bacteria. Furthermore, 95 per cent of participants stated that, I or my family had never had an injection without wiping the location of injection with alcohol swab (Table 3). Question (Survey statement) Response Physician n=39 (%) Nurses n=63 (%) Patients n=61(%) Total n=163 (%) Swabbing before injection will minimize the risk of infection Yes No 31 (79.5) 8 (20.5) 57 (90.5) 6 (9.5) 55 (90.2) 6 (9.8) 143(88) 20(12) Swabbing before injection will minimize pain during injection Yes No 1 (2.6) 38 (97.4) 2 (3.2) 61 (96.8) 33 (54.1) 28 (45.9) 36(22) 127(78) Swabbing before injection will minimize pain after injection Yes No Dont know 3 (7.7) 36 (92.3) 3 (4.8) 58 (92.0) 2 (3.2) 25 (41.0) 34 (55.7) 2 (3.3) 31 (19) 128 (78) 4 (3) Swabbing before injection will minimize the risk of bleeding after injection Yes No Dont know 6 (15.4) 33 (84.6) 10 (15.9) 53 (84.1) 33 (54.1) 25 (41.0) 3 (4.9) 49 (30) 111 (68) 3 (2) The correct time to give an injection after swabbing is: A. let the alcohol evaporate (30 sec) B. while skin wet with alcohol A B A B 21 (53.8) 14 (35.9) 4 (10.3) 41 (65.1) 8 (12.7) 14 (22.2) 38 (62.3) 12 (19.7) 11 (18.0) 100 (61) 34 (21) 29 (18) Swab by itself can affect the medication constituents (so affect the action of the drug) Yes No Dont know 5 (12.8) 31 (79.5) 3 (7.7) 19 (30.2) 42 (66.7) 2 (3.1) 11 (18.0) 48 (78.7) 2 (3.3) 35 (22) 121 (74) 7 (5) Will you agree to receive an injection without cleaning the site Yes No 8 (20.5) 31 (79.5) 17 (27.0) 46 (73.0) 8 (13.1) 53 (86.9) 33 (20) 130 (80) Had ever you or your family member received injection without swabbing Yes No 0 (0.0) 39 (100) 2 (3.2) 61 (96.8) 0 (0.0) 61 (100) 2(1) 161(99) Not swabbing is time saving and economical Yes No 38 (97.4) 1 (2.6) 60 (95.2) 3 (4.8) 61 (100) 0 (0.0) 159(98) 4(2) TABLE 3: Participants response related their Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of alcohol swab wiping before injection Conclusion Currently due to the local policy, skin preparation with alcohol swab is in practice at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh and the nursing staffs are supposed to routinely clean the skin at the location of injection before giving the subcutaneous, the intra-dermal and the intramuscular injections. This survey was conducted so as to focus on specific education and training programs for the health care providers and and also create awareness programs for the patients in respect to implementing WHO practice guidelines for safe injections. The success in reducing the rate of the unnecessary skin preparation by using the alcohol swab before the subcutaneous, the intra-dermal and the intramuscular injections as per the WHO guidelines can only occur if we know the current theoretical knowledge, attitude and practice of the health care providers and the patients. This will help to mold the training and awareness programs for the health care personnel and the patients. The results of this study clearly show that the WHO guidelines should only be implemented after providing sufficient knowledge and by changing the behavior of the health care providers by providing them with additional training and also ensure that the patients by awareness programs are implemented. In this study, the overall knowledge of the health care providers is poor as regards the routine preparation of the skin before the injection. According to the findings of this survey, the important disadvantage of not using the alcohol swab before the injection i s the increased risk of infections. This notion is not in agreement with those reported earlier, both from the developing and the developed countries4-7, 9-10. At the same time, the poor knowledge most likely leads to a flawed attitude and some misconceptions towards the use of the routine alcohol swab. According to World Health Organization (WHO) the best infection control practices, and eliminating the unnecessary injections is the highest priority in preventing injection-associated infections. When the injections are medically proposed, they should be administered safely so as to protect the patients, the providers and the communities. Furthermore, WHO is against the routine skin preparation before the intra-dermal, the subcutaneous and the intramuscular injections (15). Due to the economical downturn worldwide, and particularly in the third world countries, there should be a review of the controversial health-related procedures which might save the cost and time without compromising health. The World Health Organization guidelines on various procedures to prevent the injection related infections are easily available, time-saving, economical and convenient and do not compromise the health (15). The author suggests implementation of following WHO guidelines on different issues related to injections and prevention of infection. This should include the use of sterile injection equipment. This will go a long way because there will be no need to have the needles to be sterilized by boiling them in hot water so as to re-use them on another patient. There should be internationally recognized ways and means on how to prevent the contamination of injection equipment and medication. The needles should always be sterilized and wrapped in air tight papers so as to ensure that they remain clean until after the wrapper has been opened when there is the need to inject someone. At the same time, the person who is injecting a patient should always use sterile gloves which should be disposed immediately after they have been used on a patient and should never be used on another patient so as to prevent the passing of bacteria diseases such as those found on the skin of some patients. There is also the need on how to prevent needle-stick injuries to the provider. This can only be made possible if and when the agencies concerned lays down rules that will govern the use of needle-stick. It is possible to do so if the agencies banned people who are not trained to inject people never to do so. It should be recommended that only nurses and other health professionals should be allowed to handle the needle-sticks. At the same time, there is the need on how to prevent access to used needles. If   the agencies banned the usage of the used needles, it would be possible for the used ones to be disposed immediately after they have been used. Fortunately, many countries have now started using needles that are sterilized and wrapped in air tight cases and they are now not very costly as they used to be before. Even more so, it would be important for the health care providers to strive to educate the people they treat on the need to ask if the needle has been used by someone else so as to prevent some blood related diseases such as the dreaded HIV. The other practice issue guidelines to prevent injection infection are related to engineered technology where it is possible to make needles that will be rendered useless when they have been used on a patient. There is also the importance and necessity of hand hygiene and skin integrity of provider. The health care giver should always wash their hands before and after injecting the patient and should always use a glove which must be disposed immediately after use. They should also strive to tell the patient they are attending to if they have a skin disease so that the patient can immediately get treated. There should be laid down guidelines related to the use of gloves during injection. The gloves should not be used once they have been used to inject a patient and should instead be disposed off immediately. The patient should also insist to have the health care provider use gloves that have not been used. There should also be laid down guidelines on how to swab vial tops or ampoules. The health care provider should always strive to remember to swap the vial tops or ampoules by using alcohol based sterilizers so as to ensure that no germs are transferred to the patient while preparing the dosage with which to inject the patient. There is the need for skin preparation of patient before injection, by using the alcohol swab because the patient might have some skin disease which is not visible. The health care provider should also strive to advise the patient on the need to be clean every time they go for their injection and at the same time tell them whenever they see a skin disease which the patient might not be aware of. Although the findings reported here may be influenced by the inevitable limitations of the study design and the available data, it is believed that the results provide a valuable insight into the health care provider and the patients knowledge and attitudes towards the routine preparation of the skin by using the alcohol swab before injection in Saudi Arabia. But one major limitation with this study is that it took place in one hospital of Riyadh city only. However, the questionnaire was anonymous, which should have encouraged the accurate and honest self-disclosure. References Didier Pittet, SirLiam Donaldson. Clean care is safer care: the first global challenge of the WHO World Alliance for Patient Safety. American journal of infection control 2005; 33(8): 476-479 Pittet D. Clean hands reduce the burden of disease. Lancet 2005; 366: 185-187 Didier Pittet, Benedetta Allegranzi, Juli Storr, Liam Donaldson. Clean care is safer care: the Global Patient Safety Challenge 2005-2006. Iinternational journal of infectious diseases 2006; 10 (6): 419-424 E Elek SD. Experimental staphylococcal infections in the skin of man. Ann NY Acad. Sci. 1956; 65 (3): 85-90 Suttonl CD, Whitel SA, Edwards R, Lewis MH. A prospective controlled trial of the efficacy of isopropyl alcohol wipes before venesection in surgical patients. Ann R Coll Surg England 1999; 81: 183-186 Borders LM, Bingham RR, Riddle MC. Traditional insulin use practices and the incidence of bacterial contamination and infection. Diabetes Care 1984; 7 (2): 121-127. Dann TC. Routine skin preparation before injection: an unnecessary procedure. Lancet 1969; 2:96-8 Binswanger IA, Kral AH, Bluthenthal RN, Rybold DJ, Edlin BR. High prevalence of abscesses and cellulites among community-recruited injection drug users in San Francisco. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2000; 30:579-81 McCarthy JA, Covarrubias B, Sink P. Is the traditional alcohol wipe necessary before an insulin injection? Dogma disputed. Diabetes Care 1993;16:402 Koivisto VA, Felig P. Is skin preparation necessary before insulin injection? Lancet 1978; 1:1072-5 Stepanas TV, Turley H, Tuohy EA. Reuse of disposable insulin syringes. Medical Journal of Australia 1982;1:311-3. Yoshioka Kazuaki, Furuta Seiichi, Murakami Tomohiko. Is it necessary to disinfect the skin by alcohol before a subcutaneous injection?-A randomized controlled trial on vaccination- Japanese Journal of Primary Care 2005; 28(2): 87-91. Pratt RJ, Hoffman PN, Robb FF. The need for skin preparation prior to injection. Point Counter point. British Journal of Infectious Control 2005; 6 (4): 18-20 Binswanger IA, Kral AH, Bluthenthal RN, Rybold DJ, Edlin BR. High prevalence of abscesses and cellulitis among community-recruited injection drug users in San Francisco. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2000;30:579-81 Hutin Y, Hauri A, Chiarello L, et al. Best infection control practices for intradermal, subcutaneous, and intramuscular needle injections. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2003;81:491-500 Del Mar CB, Glasziou PP, Spinks AB, Sanders SL. Is isopropyl alcohol swabbing before injection really necessary? Medical Journal of Australia 2001;174:306