Importance of Monitoring Team Performance Free Essay Example, 1250 words

For increasing the team s productivity, the team leader will try to solve different problems that the team is facing with the help of team members. The company will analyse the problems of these employees of which the productivity of the team is decreasing. The firm will then provide effective solutions according to their need and satisfaction. Some major steps are involved in planning and allocating work successfully for growth and development of the company. At first, the opportunity is analyzed. Then the definite aim is identified from that opportunity which will help the organization for achieving its goal and objectives. After different options are explored, these arise for implementing the aim into practice. Among many different options, the best option is selected which is most suitable for the company and can be undertaken by using companies resources. Then detailed planning and analysis are made based on this option. The option is evaluated from different perspective for ha ving a concrete idea about its effectiveness. After all this analysis a plan is implemented by an organization. Allocating work to the employees depends on their set skills, the projects they are working, their job role and functions. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Monitoring Team Performance or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page On the basis of those functions, works are allocated for fulfilling different objectives of teams. First, the company decided the best possible way to distribute the tasks and responsibilities to the team members according to their functions and individual objectives.

American vs Asian Education Systems Essay - 1930 Words

There are many factors that influence the Asian and Asian immigrants’ high levels of academic achievements. The environment that students experienced in Asia is totally different from the foreigners’ like the schoolings, the testing and grading testing system. Non-Asian people observed many high levels academic achievements of Asian and they start making false assumptions. The education system in Asia is different from America’s which explains the stereotype that common Asians are smart. Education would be considered the most important factor that determine a successful future. Education is the concept of receiving knowledge and skills through learning, researching, or teaching. The most common way to receive education†¦show more content†¦Quality of education should not limit people from receiving their knowledge because everyone have â€Å"the right to education (Human Right #26)†. Like any quality of life, there will always be effective issues that prevent people from reaching their goals in life, like education. As in Asia, farming is the main economic activity, but it requires lots of workers and nowaday children have to join their family’s work. Farming life is very ponderous and it partially affects the child’s education progress. Among Asia, many Southwest countries do not have the learning opportunity available for them, but mostly they were being held away from education by poverty, child labor, slavery, and worse family issues that basically banned them from reaching for a better future. Learning opportunity is not evenly distribute among Asia. While LDC countries like Bangladesh, India have found it difficult to build enough schools for serving their enormous population, developed countries like Korea and Japan gradually improve their literacy rate. In some religion, women do not have the right to receive education which lowered the value of women. In order to change this belief, the government offe r schools for women and men separately like in Korea, Japan, China, and India. Even though education was well-performed in some Asians countries, but on a negative impact, parents used the opportunity to pressure on theShow MoreRelatedThe Debate On Nature Vs Nurture Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagesdubious history of the debate on nature vs nurture continues to be a controversy, more and more psychologists start to rise from both sides of the argument. The earliest evidence can be traced back to the time of John Locke, who believes that our minds are blank slates and only experience can write override it. Despite the main focus of the issue being how environment transact to influence development, psychologists today continue to argue on the issue of nature vs nurture. Intelligence is more of a conceptRead MoreRolling the Rs by R. 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Impact of Enterprise Risk Management †Free Samples to Students

Auestion: Discuss about the Impact of Enterprise Risk Management. Answer: Introduction: The essential business chance that incorporated the general operations of HIH Insurance is the obligation and business structure hazard. Acharya et al. (2017) communicated that protection organizations use for the most part safe profile, where the landing is high and peril of adversity is relativity low. The assessment of HIH Insurance business hazard is according to the accompanying. Moreover, the general bankruptcy danger of HIH protection office mostly relied on upon the looking at peril coordinated by the analyst of the association. Likewise, the fiscal record of the association contains data, which reduces the general commitment of the association. HIH Insurance generally changed its hazard by going into the high-chance assurance fields like marine air transportation, cataclysmic occasions, and film financing security. In like manner, the hazardous endeavors of HIH Insurance generally extended their incidents. In addition, the current definitive structure of the assurance parts banished these fields, which was engaged by HIH Insurance. Besides, HIH security did not kept up the rules and course set around Australian Prudential Regulatory Authority (APRA) in starting their business conducts (Anginer, Demirguc-Kunt and Zhu 2014). Depicting differing natural peril assumes that impact HIH at cash related report level and evaluating the extension or diminishing inborn hazard: The general intrinsic hazard computes generally contains the blunder in fiscal report of the association. In addition, the regular risk generally decreases the validity of the money related report, which might be used by monetary experts to evaluate the dissolvability status of the association. Bennett, Gntay and Unal (2015) battled that associations with the help of inspectors could misrepresent or dispose of their liabilities in cash related report, which in this way could portray dissolvability of the association. Moreover, the control danger and hazard recognizable proof of the association lost their contact used to the consideration of the association in higher risk assurance fields. Moreover, the control danger transcendently helps in outlining the mistake driven by the association in their cash related clarifications. Furthermore, the accommodation of unsafe activities essentially lessened the capability of the unavoidable risk gotten by the evaluators. Besides, the risk acknowledgment method used by the commentators basically lessened on account of the utilization of reinsuring procedures used by HIH for customary methodologies and giving higher peril assurance arranges. Black et al. (2016) communicated that inspectors to construct their own particular pay use exploitative measures and help associations to improve their general bookkeeping report. Legal Liability The example of HIH assurance shame might be depicted an adequate critical court case, which might be suggested by Anderson in looking at the likelihood of association of customers and banks. Likewise, the court generally denied the executives for quite a while on the ground off blackmail and prepared to pay a compensation of $7 million. Boyer and Tennyson (2015) battled that without the chapter 11 disclosure it is hard for examiners to recognize the coercion coordinated by associations in their yearly report. The clients of HIH Insurance generally Mr. Brad Cooper was incorporated into deceitful activities to pay off the authority of HIH for ensuring higher peril assets. In like manner, the HIH examination part got $124,000 approximately. This is additionally to allow the portion of $737,000. Also, these criminal activities driven by the association were held in court, which helped in exhibiting their fault. Cao and Narayanamoorthy (2014) battled that unlawful entire of enrichments areconsidered by companies heads to allow unjustified assurance instances of their clients. Mr. Stephen Burroughs an office of the FAI General Insurance Company limited an advance supervisor of HIH Insurance generally was given on trial charges tumbling to act truly in portraying the exploitative measures coordinated by HIH protection organization. Mr. Daniel Wilkie, Mr Timothy Maxwell Mainprize, and Mr. Terry Cassidy was centered around trial charges as they were not doing their work truly and communicating the irregularities driven by the association in their budgetary verbalization. Depicting the condition that may exists for a recklessness action to be kept up: The obliged data depicted by HIH to its analysts and other regulatory master would profit by outside intercession as the imprudence movement against the association. Moreover, the evaluators due to obliged information were not prepared to value the changing inborn threat of the association, which hence extended its general chapter 11 possibility (Chen et al. 2015). Additionally, the hurt corporate organization and followed in HIH insurance was the essential reason for the general decline of the association. In addition, changes in peril presentation and start of high-risk security to clients were not outlined to the relative master. In addition, laborers and internal evaluators did not reply to critical masters regarding the screw up and high-risk endeavors taken up by the association. Due to changing business perspective of HIH Insurance, it required external evaluators, which were the person from the association. Moreover, joining of outside inspectors with prior individual from the association may help in keeping its puzzle. Eckles, Hoyt and Miller (2014) fought that outside evaluators to extend their riches assembling prevalently use deceitful measures to disguise reality about the cash related position of the association. Moreover, the clarifications behind assigning prior people as examiners are according to the accompanying. The use of prior people as outer inspectors may help HIH assurance with lessening through checks of their budgetary report. Moreover, the outer inspectors may have the ability to understand the operations and essentials of different frameworks in light of their contribution in the association. Moreover, consideration and endorsement of past officials primarily help money related experts to keep up trust for the association. Non-thought of different outer reviewers may help HIH to continue with its unscrupulous activities, which may help in holding more advantages for its people. Evaluating the purposes of intrigue that may be considered by the firm portraying both looking at and advising organizations: Elabed et al. (2013) battled that joined inspecting and directing organizations may help associations to perceive escape clauses, which may help in delineating extended monetary record. Furthermore, the upsides of using one firm to evaluating and directing are according to the accompanying. It could help the association perceive blunders in their review method, which may help in diminishing authenticity of their budgetary report. It could help in suggesting measures, which could be executed by the association to diminish their general uses. It could help in constraining the inside mysteries of the association and shield it from its rivals. The gathering and evaluating firm are generally underpins in recognizing slip-ups and misquotes in the financials report, which could in this manner hamper believability of the monetary report. Hagendorff et al. (2014) communicated that counseling firm for the most part helps associations to decrease their duty by giving proposals, which therefore grows their held benefits. After the fruitful appraisal of the HIH protection office case it could be found that there were various good encroachment driven by officials, external inspectors and diverse people from the association. The outer evaluators did not consider the reviewing rules set around AASB and reduced. What's more, the inspectors did not complete their commitments as demonstrated by their directions set around AASB and supported HIH Insurance in laying up their budgetary report. The circumstance confronted by HIH Insurance to lead outer review and change controls set around prudential edge generally communicates the ethical encroachment sweetened up by its officials and evaluators. Certain moral encroachment was quite recently prompted increment their general individual riches. Ramsay report and CLERP 9 generally supported in perceiving approaches, which could be used as a piece of moral money related detailing and administration. Likewise, the recommendation of the CLERP 9 and Ramsay report are according to the accompanying. To increment the general holding up time of the retied best organization individual to join the outside review assemble from 2 to 4 years (Kalemli?Ozcan, Luttini and Srensen 2014). To execute the evaluating associations senior personnel commitment review report of the association. To increase the turn of people from outer inspectors to five years With the help of hypotheses indentified approaches the general unethical measure could be diminished, which along these lines may help in improving the general fact of the money related report. Reference List Acharya, V.V., Pedersen, L.H., Philippon, T. and Richardson, M., 2017. Measuring systemic risk.Review of Financial Studies,30(1), pp.2-47. Anginer, D., Demirguc-Kunt, A. and Zhu, M., 2014. How does deposit insurance affect bank risk? Evidence from the recent crisis.Journal of Banking finance,48, pp.312-321. Bennett, R.L., Gntay, L. and Unal, H., 2015. Inside debt, bank default risk, and performance during the crisis.Journal of Financial Intermediation,24(4), pp.487-513. Black, L., Correa, R., Huang, X. and Zhou, H., 2016. The systemic risk of European banks during the financial and sovereign debt crises.Journal of Banking Finance,63, pp.107-125. Boyer, M.M. and Tennyson, S., 2015. Directors' and officers' liability insurance, corporate risk and risk taking: New panel data evidence on the role of directors' and officers' liability insurance.Journal of Risk and Insurance,82(4), pp.753-791. Cao, Z. and Narayanamoorthy, G.S., 2014. Accounting and litigation risk: evidence from Directors and Officers insurance pricing.Review of Accounting Studies,19(1), pp.1-42. Chen, N., Glasserman, P., Nouri, B. and Pelger, M., 2015. Contingent capital, tail risk, and debt-induced collapse. Eckles, D.L., Hoyt, R.E. and Miller, S.M., 2014. Reprint of: The impact of enterprise risk management on the marginal cost of reducing risk: Evidence from the insurance industry.Journal of Banking Finance,49, pp.409-423. Elabed, G., Bellemare, M.F., Carter, M.R. and Guirkinger, C., 2013. Managing basis risk with multiscale index insurance.Agricultural Economics,44(4-5), pp.419-431. Hagendorff, B., Hagendorff, J., Keasey, K. and Gonzalez, A., 2014. The risk implications of insurance securitization: The case of catastrophe bonds.Journal of Corporate Finance,25, pp.387-402. Kalemli?Ozcan, S., Luttini, E. and Srensen, B., 2014. Debt Crises and Risk?Sharing: The Role of Markets Management versus Sovereigns.The Scandinavian Journal of Economics,116(1), pp.253-276. Melzer, B.T., 2017. Mortgage debt overhang: Reduced investment by homeowners at risk of default.The Journal of Finance,72(2), pp.575-612.

The Cenozoic Era Essay Example

The Cenozoic Era Paper The Cenozoic Era, which describes the period 65 million years ago (mya) to the present, is a very phase in evolution because it involved the emergence of a variety of species from plants, arthropods, fishes, reptiles and mammals. This era is characterized to have the mammals as the biggest terrestrial animals because the dinosaurs had already gone extinct during the earlier Mesozoic era.   The Cenozoic era is divided into two periods, namely the Tertiary Period, which covers 65 to 1.8 mya, and the Quaternary Period, which ranges from 1.8 mya to the present time.   The Tertiary Period is further subdivided into five epochs. Archaeological findings have revealed that the oldest primate fossils, which were unearthed in Morocco, were dated to be 60 million years old thus placing the emergence of this species in the Paleocene Epoch. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cenozoic Era specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Cenozoic Era specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Cenozoic Era specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer    This starts right after the disappearance of the dinosaurs (65 mya) and runs until 53 mya, is characterized by the diversification and multiplication of nocturnal mammals which earlier were hiding from the dinosaurs to avoid predation.   These small nocturnal mammals thus evolved into bigger animals and changed their life cycles from simple night foragers into the diurnal animals.   In addition, the birds, plants and other animal species grew in number because of the absence of the predatory dinosaurs. The early arboreal primate species, or proto-primates, that emerged during this epoch were morphologically similar to lemurs and tarsiers, including the adaptation of hands that were composed of five digits of which one was an opposable thumb.   The proto-primates were small in size, similar to that of squirrels and tree shrews.   These primate species had also adapted stereoscopic vision, large brains and nails to replace claws.   Taxonomical classification of the proto-primates positions them under the genus Altiatlasius. The next primates that emerged occurred during the Eocene Epoch, which runs from 54 to 37 mya.   This epoch is characterized by the emergence of the grass plants that served as a new food source for herbivores.   Such change facilitated the adaptation of grazing mammals such as those of the Equus family in the prairies and savannas.   Flowering plants and trees also started to flourish during this epoch. The proto-primates included the prosimians, such as the lemurs and tarsiers, and these primates started to spread out to the rest of the areas around the world as they further evolved into approximately 60 genera.   Taxonomy has classified these genera into two families, the Adapidae which include the lorises and lemurs and the Omomyidae, for the tarsiers.   The significant diversification of the prosimians must have been due to the absence of competition for resources because the bigger primates did not yet exist at the time.   The prosimians are characterized by large eyes and brains and thin snouts. The bone structure of prosimians show a new structure at the base of the skull called the foramen magnum.   This hole provides a passage for the spinal cord to pass from the brain and this facilitates the position of the entire body, from the horizontal axis, which is observed among grazing animals, to the vertical axis for standing erect (Ackermann RR, 2007).   Due to changes in the climate, the prosimian species decreased in number and reached extinction by the end of the Eocene Epoch. The first species of monkeys then emerged during the Oligocene Epoch, as suggested by fossil records that were collected from the Fayum area in Egypt.   These monkeys are taxonomically classified under the suborders Anthropoidea, Apidium and Aegyptopithecus.   The Oligocene Epoch, which extended from 34 to 23 mya, features the emergence of new mammalian species and the temperature deciduous forests.   The early species of large animals such as the elephants and rhinoceros increased in size and the first primate species such as the monkeys, apes and human emerged. Most of the fossils from ape species come from the Miocene Epoch, thus suggesting the apes evolved from the earlier monkey species (Andrews and Kelley, 2007; Suwa et al., 2007).   The Miocene Epoch, which runs from 23 to 5 mya, is typified by the selection and spreading out of large herbivores such as the cattle and deer.   It is also during this time that the modern horses, deer and birds emerged. The Pliocene Epoch, which extends from 5.3 to 1.8 mya, is characterized by the emergence of the modern mammals and the cooling and drying of the climate just like what is observed in our present time.   The change in the climate resulted into the shrinkage of tropical forests and leaving these only to exist in areas that are close to the equator. Primates follow a certain social structure that is specific to their locale.   Primates have been observed to live in a certain niche and migration is rarely an occurrence.   These species also show some protection towards their area and show aggression if they perceive that another species or primates from other area are attempting to infiltrate their group. Thus, interactions between primates of different groups that live in different areas are not common. Interestingly, chimpanzees are an exception to this primate social behavior because these particular primates tend to be friendly with other primate species that come from other areas or groups.   In the forest, this primate defense behavior for territory is a featured that has been observed by primatologists.   Six social patterns have been described to exist among primates (Chalyan and Meishvili, 2007). These include a single female primate and her progeny, one male primate with several females, a monogamous primate family, a polyandrous primate family, a multi-male and multi-female primate group and a fission-fusion primate group. The monogamous primate family can be employed as a model for our human ancestors because it is composed of a typical human family consisting of a father, mother and children.   Just like humans, the monogamous primate family pattern let their offspring leave upon completion of their development so that they could put up their own monogamous primate family. I would like to design and develop a conservation program to save the great apes of Africa that involves a number of goals.   Firstly, I would like to stop the poaching and exportation of great apes from the tropical forests.   I am aware that the unlawful capture and killing of these apes has been uncontrolled and I would like to establish severe punishment to those who are caught abusing these precious primates.   Secondly, I will propose that a sanctuary be identified and that perimeter fences that are highly sensitive to any human interference will be detected. The jungles of Africa are huge hence there will be a need to employ a large group of people to help out in manning the perimeter of these particular areas.   Thirdly, I would propose that deforestation be stopped because the cutting down of trees in Africa affects the ecological balance of the area.   The decrease in trees will directly mean a shortage of food resources for the great apes.   Thus deforestation influences the great apes to migrate to other areas and this migration may make them more susceptible to capturing and killing (Walsh et al., 2003).

Concept of State Failure

The Grandmothers Tale Essay Example

The Grandmothers Tale Essay Example The Grandmothers Tale Essay The Grandmothers Tale Essay EXTENSION ENGLISH The Grandmothers Tale Speech Fairy Tales are short stories that have been passed through cultures and generations, usually adapting to fit the social restrictions and morals of the time. The Grandmothers Tale, which most of us would recognize as Charles Perrault’s adaptation, Little Red Riding Hood, has been passed through different cultures, countries and many variations of the text are prevalent in different societies around the world. The Grandmother’s Tale tells of how a young girl, who is nameless, ventures through the woods to visit her sick grandmother. On the way she meets a wolf, and because of her naivety, tells him where she is heading. The wolf beats her there, eats the grandmother and when the girl arrives, the wolf simulates the grandmother’s voice in order to eat the girl too. The girl how-ever escapes and the wolf ends up getting dropped in the river by laundresses and drowns. Because the hero of the story, the young girl is kept nameless throughout various variations of the text, she is then seen as a representative of all children who read the text, making her a role model for those children. By giving her an identity this would no longer apply, lessening the effect that fairy tales are designed to have on children. The text has undergone a number of transformations, both simple and complex, thus leading to a variety of versions. By analyzing the text and applying reading practices, approaches and other methods of deconstruction, namely those of Joseph Campbell’s hero’s cycle and Vladimir Propp’s deconstruction of folk tales, it is possible to create a complex transformation of the text. Vladimir Propp and Joseph Campbell both theorized the idea that in divulging into a fairytale text analytically, one can establish certain analyzable elements which are present in a majority of folk tales in unvarying order. Propp studies fairytales by examining their most basic plot components. He devised a list of 31 generic functions, proposing that they covered all of the plot components from which fairy tales were constructed. Joseph Campbell however, discovered one standard plot that has been repeated throughout mythology and fairytale genre. The invited reading of this text is not dissimilar to Bruno Betlelheim’s theory that â€Å"Children know that there are monsters – they need to know that they can be defeated. † The young girl is able to subvert the power relationship between herself and the wolf by using her wits to outsmart him, becoming the heroine of the story and saving herself rather than being passive and becoming a victim. The ideal reading is to not challenge the status quo, thus agreeing with the ideologies presented in the text. By doing so, the reader would be then deemed by Eco to be what he theorized as the ‘Model reader’. The Model reader responds, comprehends, embraces and respects dominant ideologies and discourses promoted in the text. Though the model reader is not born with that socio-cultural understanding, it is imbedded into varying aspects of their culture, like fairy tales, thus molding them into the â€Å"Model reader†. By using characters such as Ogres, witches and, in the case of the grandmother’s tale, a wolf, to portray evil, children are able to easily distinguish between the good and bad. One reason for this is because of the depiction of such characters in folk tales. Usually the good characters are represented as being beautiful, gold hearted beings while the evil are ugly animalistic creatures that are rarely human. The purpose of many fairy tales is to support the status quo. By repeating this practice fairy tales are able to convey the idea that society is portrayed how it should and that it should not be challenged or questioned. They are inherently conservative and portray the dominant ideologies of the time and the society of which they support. They are written by those in power in order to position us in favor of the already powerful. When analyzing The Grandmother’s Tale, it is necessary to have considered the cultural understandings of the time period of which it was written and to understand the discourses which shape that particular society. A discourse is not just a way of speaking or writing, but the whole ‘mental set’ and ideology which encloses the thinking of all members of a given society. That is why transformations of the text can occur. French Philosopher, Michel Foucault is post-modernist in his approach to defining power. He theorized that â€Å"Power works through language by presenting a certain type of knowledge as if it were reality or truth. The discourses of power which exist in society, are those promoted in fairytales. These are people who are wealthy, mainly those born into wealth, and the biologically powerful, men. In The Grandmother’s Tale, the power is, to my cultural understanding, decentralized, by subverting the power relationship to favor the young girl, though in the transformation, Little Red Riding Hood, the power is attributed to the patriarchal male. By referring to Joseph Campbell’s Hero cycle and Vladimir Propp’s analysis of folk tales, the characters can be categorized by the roles of which they play. The heroine of the story is the young girl; she would be labeled as the hero. This operates under a socially acceptable discourse, that of femininity and youth. She is portrayed as genuinely light hearted, a discursive trait that is generally attributed to the hero of the tale. The wolf is the villain of the tale, portraying evil, dishonesty and a cunning manipulative personality. In Norse mythology, Fenrir is a wolf that is bound by the gods, though destined to grow and kill Odin, only to be slain by Odin’s son . Anthropomorphism is the attribution of uniquely human characteristics to nonhuman beings, inanimate objects, or natural or supernatural phenomena. This is something that is repeated in many fairy tales, though in most cases the object or animal is portrayed as something positive. Examples such as the little bird or the bull, existing in transformation of the Cinderella text are seen as the agents of transformation, helping the unrecognized hero, as labeled by Joseph Campbell, to break free of the restraints which hold the hero back from transformation. Readers readily embrace the negative connotations attributed with wolfs, not just because of representations in Norse mythology and other tales, legends and stories, but also because of the biological factors. The wolf is an ice age survivor, stalking its prey in packs. They hunt in packs and for many years have deprived farmers of their livestock, leading to starvation. By attributing human traits to the wolf, a creature that is feared in societies around the world and often portrayed as evil, the children reading, or listening to the text are subconsciously connecting those fearful manipulative traits seen in humans, with evil. This particular representation has supported society’s constraints and still exists and operates in societies of today. Though the wolf is portrayed negatively, it can still be seen as the agent of transformation. In the tale, the girl is naive and disorientated to start with, though with the second encounter of the wolf the girl realizes that he is negative, taking it upon her self to flee. The wolf or villain is then killed, leaving the reader with a sense of satisfaction, knowing that the good character of the story prevailed. The wolf is not human so the power discourse is shifted then by that fact and the fact that he is evil, putting the young girl in power, making it socially acceptable for the wolf to be slain. In some variations of the text the wolf is slain in a gruesome manner yet is still seen as acceptable. By introducing the Woodcutter into an adaptation of the text, Little Red Riding Hood, the power discourse is then, in my opinion, centralized, due to the society of which I live in. In the text, the dominant discourses operating are that of gender. A middle aged working man is now seen to be the hero of the story, subverting the power relationship away from the young girl. He rescues the two women from the wolf, portraying the women as passive and dependant. Both of these ideals are crucial in understanding both texts and without them the text would convey little meaning. This naturalizes the dominant discourses operating in the society of when the text was written. Post-Structuralism suggests that the reader will attribute their own attitudes, values and beliefs to a text whilst reading it. They make links based on the social context of which they exist and operate and expect or predict certain outcomes and events, such as good prevailing over evil, thus leading to a â€Å"happy ending† (do finger quote marks!!!!! ). A happy ending is normally constituted by the dominant discourse that represents the good, generally the heroes, prevailing, while the negativity of the story or the villain is conquered. In literary theory structuralism is a reading approach that observes narrative material, semiotic codes being just one aspect. Structuralism emerged fully in the 1950’s and 1960’s though it can be traced back to the works of Ferdinand de Saussure; a Swiss Linguist who was one of the key figures in the development of modern approaches to the study of language between 1857 and 1913. By analyzing The Grandmother’s Tale using the semiotic code, there are underlying actions, discourses and ideologies prevalent in the text, as well as symbolic meanings which lead the reader to gain inter-textual references and recognize the text as a variation of a text that they have read. Examples of this are such things as the introduction of the colour red that is used in Little Red Riding Hood, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm’s version Little Red Cap, an Austrian version called Little Red Hat and it is also seen in other variations of the story. Alfred DuPont Chandler, Jr. was a professor of business history at Harvard Business School, who wrote extensively about the scale and the management structures of modern corporations. He states â€Å"A sign is a meaningful unit which is interpreted as standing for something other than itself†. The tale and its variations follow the same basic structure and the discourses under which the characters operate tend to be similar in each of the texts. By analyzing the text and subverting discourses and changing actions and traits of the characters, a complex transformation of the text can be produced. This text is generally unrecognizable and readers are unable to connect it to the original text until methods of deconstruction are applied. An example of this is the movie Pretty Woman, a complex transformation of the Cinderella fairy tale. The discourses under which the characters operate have been subverted; therefore the viewer doesn’t recognize the text though they anticipate the actions and behavior of the characters as well as the ending because they are subconsciously making links to Cinderella and similar fairy tales without realization of this. To create a complex transformation of The Grandmother’s Tale, one must subvert ideologies and discourses so that they can be questioned and must stray from the archetypal characters. When deconstructing the transformed version of The Grandmother’s Tale it is obvious that the same basic line of events and structure is still used. It is the discursive shifts and altered semiotics that make the text unrecognizable. The ideal young girl of the story is that of a kind hearted innocent being. By representing her as a young prostitute who has little respect for men, she is no longer the epitome of all that is good and pure, formulating many negative ideologies so that the reader then has to question the text. This then allows a transformation of which challenges cultural expectations and social understandings and assumptions that are crucial to the base text. The inversion of the â€Å"wolf† is another aspect of the transformed text that makes it harder to link it to the original base text. Zoopomorphisation, opposed to anthropomorphism, is giving the human character animal features. I have then subverted those characteristics so that the character is completely different from what the reader expects. The wolf character in The Grandmother’s Tale represents evil, so it would be natural to have the human character whose physical attributes are wolf like to also be evil. There are examples of this in many fictional stories and movies with the use of the â€Å"werewolf† character. However, in the transformed version of The Grandmother’s Tale, Fenrir the male client of the subverted ideal girl who is a prostitute is inverted behaviorally by loving and trying to protect the prostitute. His intentions are pure and selfless, unlike those of the wolf in the base texts. Another discursive shift present in the transformed text is that of the grandmother figure from the base text. The Grandmother’s Tale and Little Red Riding Hood both consist of a sick grandmother, who is needy of basic necessities like milk and bread. The young girl in both of those tales then takes those necessities to the ill grandmother. By inverting the grandmothers gender and altering the age and discourse under which the character operates, an unrecognizable character is formed. When deconstructed, the pimp in the transformed text is actually the subverted grandmother from the base text. He too is ill, though in the text it states what illness he has, putting him in a position where he is relying on his prostitute to bring him money to live on. His behavior however is not kind, but manipulative and selfish, shifting away from the discursive traits of the original character. The pimp is represented as being physically attractive opposed to being physically animalistic and ugly, a trait which generally applies to the villains of the text. Take for example the step mother or step sisters in Cinderella. Those three characters are all represented as being selfish and ugly and are seen to be the villains. The prostitute respects him, something that a lot of us would find hard to comprehend due to the society of which we operate and the ideologies which enclose our thinking. In the original text, the hero’s helpers are the laundresses. By inverting their gender and altering the motive behind killing the wolf character, they are no longer perceived as the hero’s helpers. Though this shift has occurred, the same line of events and the same outcomes are achieved. The reason for these discursive shifts is to subvert the dominant patterns seen in The Grandmother’s Tale and its variations, thus positioning the reader to question ideologies and discourses used in the transformed text. The semiotics in the transformed text are those seen in the original text, though slightly altered. The colour red that has been introduced to variations of The Grandmother’s Tale is used throughout the transformed version, though in different ways conveying different ideologies and meanings. The tattoo on the young prostitute’s leg is an important symbol, ttributing several different meanings to the text. There is extensive symbolism endorsed with the colour red, some positive and some negative. Red is evidently the first colour perceived by man, and a common belief is that the colour red held protective powers against evil influence. Some negative connotations of the colour can be dated back to Israelites in biblical times who painted their do orframes in red blood to scare demons. In ancient Egypt red was the colour of the desert and that of the destructive god Seth. Red is the most vivid symbol in the text, though it was not originally used in The Grandmother’s Tale and was thought to be introduced by Perrault. Psychoanalytic critics have divulged into analyzing the meaning of the colour as it traditionally symbolizes things that would not normally be attributed with a small child. Sin and blood to passion and sexuality, there are many sexual undertones attributed with the colour red. Though the colour is suggestive of sexual connotations, it was most likely introduced by Perrault to try and provoke the idea of caution, another meaning often associated with the colour red. It is obvious that the semiotics present in a text will change over time due to extensive perceptions of signs and symbols that are attributed with certain cultural beliefs. The reason I chose to use a Chinese dragon as the symbol of her tattoo is because of the dominant religions prevalent in my cultural context. By using a red dragon, I am able to subvert the Judeo Christian ideologies and discourses surrounding innocence and the belief in one god. The dominant meaning derived from the tattoo and its colour is that it is very provocative and sexually suggestive, emphasized a lot by the fact that it is on her upper thigh. When analyzed and applied to Chinese mythology, it suggests a lot of other connotations, differing greatly to the negative connotations assumed surrounding Judeo Christian ideologies. The Chinese dragon is one of the most important mythical creatures in Chinese mythology. The Chinese dragon is considered to be the most powerful and divine creature and is believed to be the controller of all waters. The dragon symbolised great power and was very supportive of heroes and gods. This subverts religious beliefs present in the text as there has been extensive interaction between chinese mythology and religion. The chinese dragon is also ultimately symbolic of good fortune. This transformation oversteps boundries layed down by society, and does not make sense within the traditional fairy tale genre. I have chosen to subvert various discourses in order to display this, though I kept the same basic structure throughout the whole text. The original consists of a young girl getting followed by a wolf, who is going to get taken away from her grandmother, though because of this the wolf gets killed. The transformed text is ultimately the same, though due to the amount of discursive shifts this is unrecognizalbe at first. Through reproductions of the text, the most common dominant discourses present are that of gender, clearly reflecting the way society has been and still is being constructed to accept the patriachal hierachy of male dominance. It is evident that fairy tales have underlying intentions of societal constraint and socially acceptable conformity, thus the repiticouse productions of fairy tales seem to have the same underlying message, of which is society is portrayed how it should and that it should not be challenged or questioned. Thank-you

Critical Evaluation of Network Diversity and Benefits in Innovation Essay

Critical Evaluation of Network Diversity and Benefits in Innovation - Essay Example Network structure Woolcock and Narayan (2000) develop their considerations, considering social capital as a potential bridge among policymakers, practitioners and scholars. In case people generate a positive atmosphere of cooperation, they are able to continue their relations in a favorable atmosphere. Social capital is a social bond among different networks. The main goal for people in terms of any social network is to find and sustain the development and support of their social activities (Fukuyama, 1995). The concepts of socializing and economic performance are closely related and there is a need to anchor bounds between these two concepts. Under conditions of networks creation, people are able to develop different behavioral templates and be focused on their mutual cooperation and common goals succeeding (Lee, 2009). Social interaction can be considered from a different prospect, when closed networks are acting against other social groups. For example, activities of mafias and di fferent aspects of corruption can be positioned as negative outcomes of closed networks. Shumpeter- social capital and resource combinations Social capital for Shumpeter is activity of people, directed on innovations development. Moreover, the scientist was not focused on the goal of enrichment as a final goal of innovations implementation. The goal of commercialization may not always correlate with the goal of innovations (Fukuyama, 1995). . Different spheres of human activities are connected with innovations and it is hard to claim that the final goal for social capital activities is enrichment. Social capital combines its efforts in order to develop its knowledge, to develop and introduce more valuable and innovative policies in the field of activity (Fukuyama, 1995). He was also focused on â€Å"combinatory† activity, when the members of social groups acted like entrepreneurs, while performing â€Å"the entrepreneurial function†. In these terms Schumpeter considere d possible ways for innovations and long-term economic change. Schumpeter was focused on a dynamic approach for economic development, because only through innovations it was possible to reach success. Mutual interaction of entrepreneurs and the combination of their efforts in the field of innovations could result in creation of new opportunities (Schumpeter, 1970). At first, Schumpeter was focused on the individual role of the entrepreneur, which should be innovative and motivate the team of an entrepreneur to creation of new ideas. The main role of the entrepreneur was to correctly combine innovative practices and ideas of the members of his team. Further on, Schumpeter was focused on the important role of the team as the leading moving force of the company’s progress. The entrepreneur performed a function of a new combinations’ manager (Schumpeter, 1970). . Innovations of a social group are considered to be a routine practice, while the entrepreneur should constantly be focused on â€Å"new commodity or producing an old one in a new way, by opening up a new source of supply of materials or a new outlet for products, by reorganizing an industry and so on† (Schumpeter 1970, p. 132). A â€Å"large corporations† is working in the name of a common goal. Concept of social capital-diversity In the modern globalized world the limits of the society are blurred. Still, it is evident that the concept of social c